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Tuberculosis
in Europe
European TB History
1815 – 25% of deaths in
England were TB-related
1880s – Disease
established as contagious
1904 – Christmas seal
fundraiser in Denmark. This was one of the
first known TB fundraising programs
1908 – 75% of people in
sanatoria were dead within 5 years
1913 – Medical Research
Council in Britain began their first project
-- tuberculosis
1918 – 17% of deaths in
France
1950 – TB numbers down
from 500 per 100,000 people to 50 per
100,000 people. These decreases have been
attributed to improvements in the public
health sector as well as the increased use
of antibiotics
2000 – Numbers on the
rise as drug-resistant strains become more
prevalent
Increased Risk for
TB
People with HIV
People who smoke 20+
cigarettes daily
Picture:
Man at an increased risk for TB
Source
Leading infectious
killer of women of reproductive age
-5000 die from the
disease everyday
TB Vaccines:
BCG Vaccine (1921)
-Bacillus of Calmette
and Guerin Picture
Source
-Focal point of many TB
control programs
-Administrations were
based on criteria such as frequency of
exposure opportunities
-Pulmonary efficacy has
been estimated anywhere from 0-80%
-All other forms of TB
are 80% protected against with the vaccine
-Until 2005, the UK
policy was to vaccinate everyone at the age
of 12; this was stopped because it was no
longer cost effective
New Tuberculosis
Vaccines
-National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2004)
conducted trials on the first recombinant TB
vaccine
-DNA TB (2005) vaccine
given with conventional chemotherapy helped
prevent re-infection in mice. Not likely to
be available to humans for another 5+ years
-MVA85A (genetically
modified vaccinia virus) Is a vaccine in
phase 3 trials in South Africa by a group
from Oxford University
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TB Challenges Faced
-High rate increases of MDR-TB
and XDR-TB (mostly in countries of the former Soviet
Union)
-Increase in HIV epidemic
leading to increase in TB
Picture Source
-Reformation of the health
sector
-Limited financial backing
-Lack of advocacy,
communication and social mobilization
WHO and Europe
--European tuberculosis
control program + WHO global program:
These two are united to reduce
sickness and death caused by TB and to also prevent
the spread of MDR-TB with the following activities
1) Supporting STOP TB strategy
by guiding countries in policy development and
technical operations
2) Helping healthcare
professionals develop the technical and managerial
skills necessary to deal with TB effectively through
the organization of national and international
workshops and conferences
3) Monitoring MDR-TB
4) Developing guidelines for
those involved in TB control activities specifically
policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, and
donor and health personnel
5) Coordinating technical
agencies and donors globally as part of a global
STOP TB movement
Interesting European Facts
Picture Source
-Badgers have been identified
as vector species; subsequently, the Irish
government mounted a campaign to eradicated the
species
-Prizes associated with TB
vaccine development
-Vampire stories with a TB
origin due to the fact that TB symptoms were similar
to those of a vampire (pale skin, coughing blood,
sensitivity to light)
Picture: Vampire? Or someone with TB?
Source
Famous Afflicted Europeans
 John
Keats
Frédéric Chopin
Charlotte, Emily, and Anne
Brontë
Anton Chekhov
Franz Kafka
George Orwell
Picture:
The Bronte
sisters
Source
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