"Improving the health status of underserved populations through sustainable and comprehensive research, service and educational initiatives related to infectious diseases."

 Topics on International Health

References
by Meredith Maxey [Honors Tutorial College/BIOS]

Onchocerciasis

Websites:

Carter Center - River Blindness

WHO - O. volvulus life-cycle

Mectizan

CDC Fact Sheet - Onchocerciasis

WHO - Onchocerciasis

Dr. Sampurna Roy - River Blindness Histopathology

eMedicine - River Blindness

 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 - Onchocerciasis

Articles:

Apple, David J.. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, Vol. 81 Issue 10, p756-757

Boatin BA, Hougard JM, Alley ES, Akpoboua LK, Yameogo L, Dembele N, Seketeli A, Dadzie KY. 1998. The impact of Mectizan on the transmission of onchocerciasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: S46-60.

Carabin, Heélène; Escalona, Marisela; Marshall, Clare; Vivas-Martínez, Sarai; Botto, Carlos; Joseph, Lawrence; Basáñez, Mariía-Gloria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, Vol. 81 Issue 7, p482

Cheke, Robert A.; Tratalos, Jamie A.. Bioscience, Feb2007, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p145-154

Dull HB, Meredith SE. "The Mectizan Donation Programme--a 10-year report." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 92 Suppl 1 (1998), S69-71.

 

Dracunculiasis

Websites:

 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 - Dracunculiasis

WHO - Dracunculiasis

CDC Fact Sheet - Dracunculiasis

CDC - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Carter Center - Guinea Worm Eradication Program

Carter Center - Donation Programs

Smithsonian NMNH - Copepod World

Filarial Genome Network - Dracunculus medinensis

New York Times - Guinea worm: A rare and stubborn pestilence

Articles:

Bimi L, Freeman AR, Eberhard ML, Ruiz-Tiben E, Pieniazek NJ. 2005. Differentiating Dracunculus medinensis from D. insignis, by the sequence analysis of the 18s rRNA gene. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitol 99: 511-517.

Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Withers PC, Jr., Maguire JH. 2005. Dracunculiasis Eradication: The Final Inch. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 669-675.

 

Malaria

Websites: 

 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 - Malaria

WHO - Malaria

CDC - Malaria

CDC -  Anopheles mosquito

McGraw Hill - Malaria animation

LiveScience - P. falciparum video

Articles:

Pouniotis DS, Proudfoot O, Minigo G, Hanley JL, Plebanski M. Malaria parasite interactions with the human host. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50:30-34

Campbell, Neil A. et al. "Biology" Seventh edition. Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2005 Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005).

Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T (2002). "Malaria in 2002". Nature 415: 670–2.

Sachs J, Malaney P (2002). "The economic and social burden of malaria". Nature 415: 680-5.  

Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR (2005). "Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children". Trop Med Int Health 10: 3-10.

Warhurst DC, Williams JE (1996). "Laboratory diagnosis of malaria". J Clin Pathol 49: 533–38.

Pattanasin S, Proux S, Chompasuk D, Luwiradaj K, Jacquier P, Looareesuwan S, Nosten F (2003). "Evaluation of a new Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase assay (OptiMAL-IT®) for the detection of malaria". Transact Royal Soc Trop Med 97: 672–4.

Mens PF, Schoone GJ, Kager PA, Schallig HDFH. (2006). "Detection and identification of human Plasmodium species with real-time quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification". Malaria Journal 5 (80).

Trager W, Jensen JB. (1976). "Human malaria parasites in continuous culture". Science 193(4254): 673-75.

Salom-Roig, X. et al. (2005) Dual molecules as new antimalarials. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 8:49-62.

Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, Phanouvong S, et al. (2006). "Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (11): 1019–24. .

Newton PN, Green MD, Fernández FM, Day NPJ, White NJ. (2006). "Counterfeit anti-infective drugs". Lancet Infect Dis 6 (9): 602–13.

Ito J, Ghosh A, Moreira LA, Wimmer EA, Jacobs-Lorena M (2002). "Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite". Nature 417: 387-8.

Imperial College, London, "Scientists create first transgenic malaria mosquito", 2000-06-22.

Jacobs-Lorena et al, "Researchers genetically alter mosquitoes to impair malaria transmission", Case Western, 2002.

Killeen G, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna L, Knols B (2002). "Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa?". Lancet Infect Dis 2 (10): 618-27.

Kwiatkowski, DP (2005). "How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria". Am J Hum Genet 77: 171-92.

Malaria drug resistance warning. BBC News, 2005-06-06

Malaria drug offers new hope. BBC News 2002-02-15.

Fungus 'may help malaria fight'. BBC News, 2005-06-09

Gladwell, Malcolm.. "The Mosquito Killer", The New Yorker, 2001-07-02.

 MacGregor, Fiona. "Scots scientists boost malaria vaccine quest", The Scotsman, 2005-01-16.

 

Tuberculosis

Websites:

Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 - Tuberculosis  

WHO - Tuberculosis

CDC - Tuberculosis

University of Pittsburgh - Epidemiology of Tuberculosis

CD Resource:

Topics in International Health. Tuberculosis, revised edition. The Wellcome Trust, 2003.

Articles:

Davies PDO, Yew WW, Ganguly D, et al. (2006). "Smoking and tuberculosis: the epidemiological association and pathogenesis". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 291–8.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "First U.S. Tuberculosis Vaccine Trial in 60 Years Begins", National Institutes of Health News, January 26, 2004.

Ha SJ, Jeon BY, Youn JI, Kim SC, Cho SN, Sung YC (2005). "Protective effect of DNA vaccine during chemotherapy on reactivation and reinfection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis". Gene Ther 12 (7): 634-8.

Ibanga HB, Brookes RH, Hill PC, et al. (2006). "Early clinical trials witha new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in tuberculosis-endemic countries: issues in study design". Lancet Infect Dis 6 (8): 522–28.

R R Trail (April 1970). "Richard Morton (1637-1698)". Med Hist 14 (2): 166–174.

Stop TB Partnership. "London tuberculosis rates now at Third World proportions", PR Newswire Europe Ltd., 2002-12-04.

Clark Lawlor. Consumption and Literature: The Making of the Romantic Disease. (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2006)

Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000. Thorax 2000;55:887-901

Thomas Dormandy (1999). The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. ISBN 0-8147-1927-9

Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World. Tracy Kidder, Random House 2000. ISBN 0-8129-7301-1. A nonfiction account of treating TB in Haiti, Peru, and elsewhere.

Ha SJ, Jeon BY, Youn JI, Kim SC, Cho SN, Sung YC. Protective effect of DNA vaccine during chemotherapy on reactivation and reinfection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Ther. 2005 Feb 03;

Blumberg HM, Leonard MK Jr, Jasmer RM. Update on the treatment of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. JAMA 2005 Jun 8;293(22):2776-84.

Nemery B, Yew WW, Albert R, Brun-Buisson C, Macnee W, Martinez FJ, Angus DC, Abraham E. Tuberculosis, nontuberculous lung infection, pleural disorders, pulmonary function, respiratory muscles, occupational lung disease, pulmonary infections, and social issues in AJRCCM in 2004. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 15;171(6):554-62.

Ferrara G et al.. "Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study". Lancet 367 (9519): 1328–1334.

Steingart K, Henry M, Ng V, et al. (2006). "Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review". Lancet Infect Dis 6 (9): 570–81.

Lalvani A. ELISPOT Spotting latent infection: the path to better tuberculosis control. Thorax. 2003 Nov;58(11):916-8. Editorial.

 David H. L. (1970). "Probability Distribution of Drug-Resistant Mutants in Unselected Populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Appl Microbiol 20 (5): 810-4.

 British Thoracic Society (1984). "A controlled trial of six months' chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Final report: results during the 36 months after the end of chemotherapy and beyond.". Brit J Diseases Chest 78 (4): 330–36.

Ormerod LP, Horsfield N (1987). "Short-course antituberculous chemotherapy for pulmonary and pleural disease: five years' experience in clinical practice". Brit J Diseases Chest 81 (3): 268–71.

 Kent SJ, Crowe SM, Yung A, Lucas CR, Mijch AM. "Tuberculous Meningitis: A 30-Year Review". Clin Infect Dis: 987–94.  

 Teoh R, O'Mahony G, Yeung VTF (1986). "Polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid during chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis". J Neurol 233 (4): 237-41.

 Chang AB et al (1998). "Central nervous system tuberculosis after resolution of miliary tuberculosis". Pediatr Infect Dis J 17 (6): 519-523.

 Thwaites GE et al. (2004). "Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults". N Engl J Med 351 (17): 1741–51.  

Roberts MT, Mendelson M, Meyer P, Carmichael A, Lever AM (2003). "The use of thalidomide in the treatment of intracranial tuberculomas in adults: two case reports". J Infect 47 (3): 251–5.

 Yee D et al. (2003). "Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis". Am J Resp Crit Care Med 167 (11): 1472–7.

 Ormerod L. P., Horsfield N. (1996). "Frequency and type of reactions to antituberculosis drugs: observations in routine treatment" 77 (1): 37–42.

 Steel M. A., Burk R. F., DesPrez R. M. (1991). "Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampin: a meta-analysis". Chest 99 (2): 465-471.

Drobac PC et al.. "Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis during Pregnancy: Long-Term Follow-Up of 6 Children with Intrauterine Exposure to Second-Line Agents". Clin Infect Dis 40 (11): 1689–92.

 Breen RAM, Miller RF, Gorsuch T, et al. (2006). "Virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy is unaffected by antituberculosis therapy". J Infect Dis 193 (10): 1437–40. .

Mitnick C et al. (2003). "Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru". N Eng J Med 348 (2): 119-128.  

Leimane V., et al. (2005). "Clinical outcome of individualised treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: a retrospective cohort study". Lancet 365 (9456): 318-26.

 Schön T, Elias D, Moges F, et al. (2003). "Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis". Eur Respir J 21: 483–88.

 Rockett KA, Brookes R, Udalova I, et al. (1998). "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line". Infect Immunity 66 (11): 5314–21.

 Shubin H, Sherson J, Pennes E, Glaskin A, Sokmensuer A. (1958). "Prochlorperazine (compazine) as an aid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". Antibiotic Med Clin Ther. 5 (5): 305–9.

Wayne LG, Sramek HA (1994). "Metronidazole is bactericidal to dormant cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 (9): 2054–58.

Stover CK, Warrener P, VanDevanter DR, et al. (2000). "A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis". Nature 405 (6789): 962–6.

Andries K, Verhasselt P, Guillemont J, et al. (2005). "A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP-synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Science 307 (5707): 223–27.

 Schechter M, Zajdenverg R, Falco G, Barnes G, Faulhaber J, Coberly J, Moore R, Chaisson R (2006). "Weekly rifapentine/isoniazid or daily rifampin/pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis in household contacts". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (8): 922–6.

Martin Cassidy. "Badgers targeted over bovine TB," BBC News, 2 December, 2004.

"'Virtually untreatable' TB found," BBC News, 2006-09-06. 

 

HIV/AIDS

Websites:

 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006 - AIDS  

HowStuffWorks - How AIDS Works

Avert - International AIDS Charity

UNAIDS

CDC - HIV/AIDS

WHO - HIV Infections

CNN - AIDS: Africa in Peril

TIME Magazine - Death Stalks a Continent

CD Resource:

Topics in International Health. HIV/AIDS, revised edition. The Wellcome Trust, 2003.

Articles: (links to some of the articles are included)

Marx, J. L. (1982). "New disease baffles medical community". Science 217 (4560): 618-621.

Palella, F. J. Jr, Delaney, K. M., Moorman, A. C., Loveless, M. O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G. A., Aschman and D. J., Holmberg, S. D. (1998). "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators". N. Engl. J. Med 338 (13): 853-860.

Morgan, D., Mahe, C., Mayanja, B., Okongo, J. M., Lubega, R. and Whitworth, J. A. (2002). "HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries?". AIDS 16 (4): 597-632.

Morgan, D., Mahe, C., Mayanja, B. and Whitworth, J. A. (2002). "Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study". BMJ 324 (7331): 193-196.

Tang, J. and Kaslow, R. A. (2003). "The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy". AIDS 17 (Suppl 4): S51-S60.

Campbell, G. R., Pasquier, E., Watkins, J., Bourgarel-Rey, V., Peyrot, V., Esquieu, D., Barbier, P., de Mareuil, J., Braguer, D., Kaleebu, P., Yirrell, D. L. and Loret E. P. (2004). "The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (46): 48197-48204. .

Kumaranayake, L. and Watts, C. (2001). "Resource allocation and priority setting of HIV/AIDS interventions: addressing the generalized epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa". J. Int. Dev. 13 (4): 451-466.

Holmes, C. B., Losina, E., Walensky, R. P., Yazdanpanah, Y., Freedberg, K. A. (2003). "Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa". Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (5): 656-662.

Guss, D. A. (1994). "The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1". J. Emerg. Med. 12 (3): 375-497.

Lawn, S. D. (2004). "AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection". J. Infect. Dis. 48 (1): 1-12. .

Senkaali, D., Muwonge, R., Morgan, D., Yirrell, D., Whitworth, J. and Kaleebu, P. (2005). "The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 20 (9): 932-937. .

Feldman, C. (2005). "Pneumonia associated with HIV infection". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (2): 165-170. .

Decker, C. F. and Lazarus, A. (2000). "Tuberculosis and HIV infection. How to safely treat both disorders concurrently". Postgrad Med. 108 (2): 57-60, 65-68. .

Zaidi, S. A. and Cervia, J. S. (2002). "Diagnosis and management of infectious esophagitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection". J. Int. Assoc. Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 1 (2): 53-62. .

Guerrant, R. L., Hughes, J. M., Lima, N. L., Crane, J. (1990). "Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies". Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl 1): S41-S50. .

 Luft, B. J. and Chua, A. (2000). "Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis in HIV Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy". Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2 (4): 358-362. .

 Sadler, M. and Nelson, M. R. (1997). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV". Int. J. STD AIDS 8 (6): 351-357. .

 Gray, F., Adle-Biassette, H., Chrétien, F., Lorin de la Grandmaison, G., Force, G., Keohane, C. (2001). "Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments". Clin. Neuropathol. 20 (4): 146-155. .

Grant, I., Sacktor, H., and McArthur, J. (2005). “HIV neurocognitive disorders”, H. E. Gendelman, I. Grant, I. Everall, S. A. Lipton, and S. Swindells. (ed.) The Neurology of AIDS, 2nd, London, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 357-373.

Satishchandra, P., Nalini, A., Gourie-Devi, M., Khanna, N., Santosh, V., Ravi, V., Desai, A., Chandramuki, A., Jayakumar, P. N., and Shankar, S. K. (2000). "Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96)". Indian J. Med. Res. 11: 14-23. .

 Wadia, R. S., Pujari, S. N., Kothari, S., Udhar, M., Kulkarni, S., Bhagat, S., and Nanivadekar, A. (2001). "Neurological manifestations of HIV disease". J. Assoc. Physicians India 49: 343-348. .

Boshoff, C. and Weiss, R. (2002). "AIDS-related malignancies". Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 (5): 373-382. .

Yarchoan, R., Tosatom G. and Littlem R. F. (2005). "Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies - the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management". Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2 (8): 406-415. .

 Bonnet, F., Lewden, C., May, T., Heripret, L., Jougla, E., Bevilacqua, S., Costagliola, D., Salmon, D., Chene, G. and Morlat, P. (2004). "Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy". Cancer 101 (2): 317-324. .

Skoulidis, F., Morgan, M. S., and MacLeod, K. M. (2004). "Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep?". J. R. Soc. Med. 97 (2): 394-396. .

Smith, D. K., Grohskopf, L. A., Black, R. J., Auerbach, J. D., Veronese, F., Struble, K. A., Cheever, L., Johnson, M., Paxton, L. A., Onorato, I. A. and Greenberg, A. E. (2005). "Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States". MMWR 54 (RR02): 1-20.

Donegan, E., Stuart, M., Niland, J. C., Sacks, H. S., Azen, S. P., Dietrich, S. L., Faucett, C., Fletcher, M. A., Kleinman, S. H., Operskalski, E. A., et al. (1990). "Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations". Ann. Intern. Med. 113 (10): 733-739. .

Coovadia, H. (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (3): 289-292. .

Kaplan, E. H. and Heimer, R. (1995). "HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 10 (2): 175-176. .

European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (1992). "Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples". BMJ. 304 (6830): 809-813. .

Varghese, B., Maher, J. E., Peterman, T. A., Branson, B. M. and Steketee, R. W. (2002). "Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use". Sex. Transm. Dis. 29 (1): 38-43. .

Bell, D. M. (1997). "Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview.". Am. J. Med. 102 (5B): 9-15. .

Leynaert, B., Downs, A. M. and de Vincenzi, I. (1998). "Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: variability of infectivity throughout the course of infection. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV". Am. J. Epidemiol. 148 (1): 88-96. .

Rothenberg, R. B., Scarlett, M., del Rio, C., Reznik, D. and O'Daniels, C. (1998). "Oral transmission of HIV". AIDS 12 (16): 2095-2105. .

Mastro TD, de Vincenzi I (1996). "Probabilities of sexual HIV-1 transmission". AIDS 10 (Suppl A): S75-S82. .

Laga, M., Nzila, N., Goeman, J. (1991). "The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa". AIDS 5 (Suppl 1): S55-S63. .

Tovanabutra, S., Robison, V., Wongtrakul, J., Sennum, S., Suriyanon, V., Kingkeow, D., Kawichai, S., Tanan, P., Duerr, A. and Nelson, K. E. (2002). "Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand". J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 29 (3): 275-283. .

Sagar, M., Lavreys, L., Baeten, J. M., Richardson, B. A., Mandaliya, K., Ndinya-Achola, J. O., Kreiss, J. K., and Overbaugh, J. (2004). "Identification of modifiable factors that affect the genetic diversity of the transmitted HIV-1 population". AIDS 18 (4): 615-619. .

Lavreys, L., Baeten, J. M., Martin, H. L. Jr., Overbaugh, J., Mandaliya, K., Ndinya-Achola, J., and Kreiss, J. K. (2004). "Hormonal contraception and risk of HIV-1 acquisition: results of a 10-year prospective study". AIDS 18 (4): 695-697. .

Cayley, W. E. Jr. (2004). "Effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV". Am. Fam. Physician 70 (7): 1268-1269. .

Fisher, I.. "Ideals Collide as Vatican Rethinks Condom Ban", The New York Times, 2006-05-02.

Catholic Church (1997). “Offenses against chastity”, Catechism of the Catholic Church : Second Edition. Vatican: Amministrazione Del Patrimonio Della Sede Apostolica, 2353.

The Economist (2005). Too much morality, too little sense.

Siegfried, N., Muller, M., Deeks, J., Volmink, J., Egger, M., Low, N., Walker, S. and Williamson, P. (2005). "HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies". Lancet Infect. Dis. 5 (3): 165-173. .

Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, Hargrove J, de Zoysa I, Dye C, Auvert B. (2006). "The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.". PLoS Med 3 (7): e262. .

Various (2005). Repeated Use of Unsterilized Blades in Ritual Circumcision Might Contribute to HIV Spread in S. Africa, Doctors Say. Kaisernetwork.org.

Fan, H. (2005). Fan, H., Conner, R. F. and Villarreal, L. P. eds AIDS: science and society, 4th, Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-0086-X.

United Nations General Assembly (2001). Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS Global Crisis — Global Action.

Sperling, R. S., Shapirom D. E., Coombsm R. W., Todd, J. A., Herman, S. A., McSherry, G. D., O'Sullivan, M. J., Van Dyke, R. B., Jimenez, E., Rouzioux, C., Flynn, P. M. and Sullivan, J. L. (1996). "Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant". N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (22): 1621-1629. .

Dias, S. F., Matos, M. G. and Goncalves, A. C. (2005). "Preventing HIV transmission in adolescents: an analysis of the Portuguese data from the Health Behaviour School-aged Children study and focus groups". Eur. J. Public Health 15 (3): 300-304. .

Department of Health and Human Services (February, 2006). A Pocket Guide to Adult HIV/AIDS Treatment February 2006 edition.

Palella, F. J., Delaney, K. M., Moorman, A. C., Loveless, M. O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G. A., Aschman, D. J. and Holmberg, S. D. (1998). "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (13): 853-860. .

Martinez-Picado, J., DePasquale, M. P., Kartsonis, N., Hanna, G. J., Wong, J., Finzi, D., Rosenberg, E., Gunthard, H. F., Sutton, L., Savara, A., Petropoulos, C. J., Hellmann, N., Walker, B. D., Richman, D. D., Siliciano, R. and D'Aquila, R. T. (2000). "Antiretroviral resistance during successful therapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (20): 10948-10953. .

Dybul, M., Fauci, A. S., Bartlett, J. G., Kaplan, J. E., Pau, A. K.; Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV. (2002). "Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (5 Pt 2): 381-433. .

Blankson, J. N., Persaud, D., Siliciano, R. F. (2002). "The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection". Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 557-593. .

Wood, E., Hogg, R. S., Yip, B., Harrigan, P. R., O'Shaughnessy, M. V. and Montaner, J. S. (2003). "Is there a baseline CD4 cell count that precludes a survival response to modern antiretroviral therapy?". AIDS 17 (5): 711-720. .

Chene, G., Sterne, J. A., May, M., Costagliola, D., Ledergerber, B., Phillips, A. N., Dabis, F., Lundgren, J., D'Arminio Monforte, A., de Wolf, F., Hogg, R., Reiss, P., Justice, A., Leport, C., Staszewski, S., Gill, J., Fatkenheuer, G., Egger, M. E. and the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. (2003). "Prognostic importance of initial response in HIV-1 infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: analysis of prospective studies". Lancet 362 (9385): 679-686. .

Becker SL, Dezii CM, Burtcel B, Kawabata H, Hodder S. (2002). "Young HIV-infected adults are at greater risk for medication nonadherence". MedGenMed. 4 (3): 21. .

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